Although the symptoms of atransient ischaemic attack (TIA) resolve ina few minutes or hours without any specific treatment, you'll need treatment tohelp prevent another TIA or a fullstroke from happening in the future.
A TIA is a warning sign that you're at increasedrisk of having a full stroke in the near future. The highest riskis in the days and weeks following the TIA.
A stroke is a serious health condition thatcan cause permanent disability and can befatal in some cases, but appropriate treatment after a TIA can help to reduce your risk of having a stroke.
Your treatmentwill depend on your individual circ*mstances, such as your age and medical history. Your healthcare team can discuss treatment options with you and tell you about possible benefits and risks.
Treatments include:
- lifestyle changes
- medicines
- surgery
Lifestyle changes
There are several lifestyle changes you can make that may help to reduce your chances of having a stroke after a TIA.
These include:
- eating a healthy, balanced diet–a low-fat, reduced-salt, high-fibre diet is usually recommended, including plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables
- exercising regularly – for most people this means at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity, such as cycling or fast walking, or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity such as running, swimming, or riding a bike up a hill, every week. Plus, strength exercises on 2 days every week
- stopping smoking– if you smoke, stopping may significantly reduce your risk of having a stroke in the future
- cutting down on alcohol–men and women are advised to limit alcohol intake to 14 units per week
Medicines
Most people who have had a TIA will need to take 1 or more medicines every day, long term, to help reduce their chances of having a stroke or another TIA.
Aspirin and other antiplatelet medicines
You'll probably be given low-dose aspirin straight after a TIA.
Aspirin works as an antiplatelet medicine.
Platelets are blood cells that help blood to clot.
Antiplatelet medicines work by reducing the ability of platelets to stick together and form blood clots.
You may also be given other antiplatelet medicines, such as clopidogrel or dipyridamole.
The main side effects of antiplatelet medicines include indigestion and an increased risk of bleeding. For example, you may bleed for longer if you cut yourself and you may bruise easily.
Anticoagulants
Anticoagulant medicines can help to prevent blood clots by changing the chemical composition of your blood in a way that stops clots from forming.
They're usually offered to people who had a TIA that was caused by a blood clot in their heart. This is often due to a condition called atrial fibrillation, which causes your heart to beat irregularly.
Warfarin, apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban and rivaroxabanare examples of anticoagulantsthat may be offeredto some people who havehad a TIA.
A side effect of all anticoagulants is the risk of bleeding, because these medicines reduce the blood's ability to clot. You may need regular blood testswhile taking warfarin, so doctors can check your dose is not too high or too low.
Find out more about anticoagulants.
Blood pressure medicines
If you havehigh blood pressure, you'll be offered a type of medicine called an antihypertensive to control it. This is because high blood pressure increases your risk of having a TIA or stroke.
There are lots of different types of medicine thatcan help controlblood pressure, including:
- thiazide diuretics
- angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
- calcium channel blockers
- beta-blockers
Your doctor will advise you about which antihypertensive is the most suitable for you. Some people may be offered a combination of 2 or more different medicines.
Find out more about treating high blood pressure.
Statins
If you have high cholesterol, you'll be advised to take a medicine known as a statin. Statins reduce the level of cholesterol in your blood by blocking an enzyme in the liver that produces cholesterol.
Statins may alsohelp to reduce your risk of a stroke whatever your cholesterol level is. You may be offered a statin even if your cholesterol level is not particularly high.
Examples of statins often given to people who have had a TIA include atorvastatin, simvastatin and rosuvastatin.
Find out more aboutstatins.
Surgery
In some cases, an operation called acarotid endarterectomy may be recommended after having a TIA.
Carotid endarterectomy
A carotid endarterectomyinvolves removing part of the lining of the carotid arteries – the main blood vessels that supply the head and neck – plus any blockage inside the carotid arteries.
When fatty deposits build up inside the carotid arteries, the arteries become hard and narrow, making it more difficult for blood to flow to your brain.
This is known as atherosclerosisand can lead to TIAs and strokes if the blood supply to the brain becomes disrupted.
By unblocking the carotid arteries when they have become moderately or severely narrowed, acarotid endarterectomy can significantly reduce the risk of having a stroke or anotherTIA.
Find out more abouta carotid endarterectomy.
Driving after a TIA
Although a TIA should not have a long-term impact on your daily activities, you must stop driving immediately.
If your doctor is happy that you have made a good recovery and there are no lasting effects after 1 month, you can start driving again.
If you’re a car driver then you do not need to inform the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA), but you should contact your car insurance company.
You will need to contact the DVLA if you hold a bus or lorry licence.
GOV.UK has more information about telling the DVLA about a medical condition or disability.
Page last reviewed: 28 June 2023
Next review due: 28 June 2026
